CÁCH VIẾT WRITING TASK 1

INTRODUCTION PARAGRAGH
Steps to write:
Find the key words in the question
Replace them by using synonyms or explanation
Giving additional information of axes
* 4 tips of writing introduction:
Tip 1: Change main verb, nouns by synonyms
+ shows = illustrates, describes, compares, indicates, presents, gives information
+ proportion = percentage, ratio, rate, portion
+ information = data, figure, number, illustration, indicator
+ graph = line graph, chart = bar chart, diagram = figure
+ the number of = the figure of, the data on, the proportion of
+ people in USA = The Americans, American people
+ a group of = The + adv ( no –s): the poor, the old, the unemployed
+ from 1999 to 2009 = between 1999 and 2009
= over a period of 10 years
= in a duration of + time (10years)

+ Use general words for the introduction: information, data, difference(s), similarities, changes, trends, results, numbers, percentages, figures, statistics, breakdown

Tip 2: Change into HOW (BY WHICH) THE + KEY NOUN + VERB
Ex: The pie charts illustrate how annual spending by a school in the UK changed every 10 year.

Tip 3: If the question contains the phrase “the figure of” “the number of” “the quantities of”, you can reword it by changing phrase to “HOW MANY” or “HOW MUCH”
Ex: The graph compares how many noise complaints were made

Tip 4: If the question contains the phrase “the proportion of” “the number of” “the quantities of”, you also can change “WHAT PROPORTION OF + Noun” “WHAT NUMBER OF + Noun”
Ex: The chart indicates what percentage of the world’s oil resources are held,…

BODY
a/ Introductory Expressions

The graph/ table shows/ indicates/ illustrates/ reveals/ represent...
As the graph / table shows, ...
As is shown by the graph/ table , ...As is shown in the diagram, …
As is illustrated by the graph, …
As can be seen from the figures, …
It can be seen from the chart (that) …
From the graph / table it is clear...
It will be noticed that ...
It is clear/ apparent from the graph/figures (that)…
The above given graph shows…
The first obvious feature of this chart is that…
To be more detailed,…
Note
- Avoid using personal pronouns
- Avoid using the phrase "according to the graph"
- Avoid using the word "present"
- The expressions "as can be seen from the graph" hoặc "as is shown/ illustrated by the table" don't contain the dummy subject "it"

b/ Time Expressions

Common:
- In : In 1999, in the 20th century , in the first ten years..
- For : For the first six months , For twenty years...
- During : During the first half of this century , During the remainder of the year ...
- From - to/until : From August to/ until November..
- Between - and : Betweeen 1970 to 1980 ..
- Before / after : Before 1960 the number remained small, but after 1965 there was a sudden increase
- Around / about : Around / about 1980, there was...
- By : By the late 19th century ...
- At : At the end of the last century ...
- Since : Since the 19th century ...

Useful expressions:
(in) the period from ... to...
(in) the period between .. and ..
in the first/ last three months of the year
over the period .. to..
over the next years / decades / quarter of a centure etc
throughout the 19th century
from the time on
after that
then
in the 1980s

Note : With "by", you will often need to use the past perfect / future perfect tense
Ex : By the end of the century, the rate of urbanisation had doubled

b/ Use verbs 

Rise(v)= Climb/ go up/Increase/grow/improve/ jump/ leap/ move upward/rocket (dựng đứng) /skyrocket/ soar/ shoot up/ pick up/ surge/ recover (phục hồi)

Rise (n) = increase/ climb/ jump/ leap/ surge (in)

Reach a peak (đạt đến đỉnh) = reach a high point

Show a partial recovery = show a marginal rise ( tăng lên đôi chút)

Experience/outlook/ witness/overview the growth ( chứng kiến sự tăng lên trong giai đoạn dài)

Twice = doulbe(tăng gấp đôi)/ Treble (tăng gấp 3) (doubling/trebling in + n)

Fall (vb) = collapse/ decline/ decrease/ deteriorate(xấu đi)/ dip =  dive (Xuống dốc) / drop/ fall (back)/ go down/ go into free-fall/ plummet = plunge (giảm cực mạnh)/ reduce (only in the passive) / slide/ slip (back)/ slump/ take a nosedive

Fall (n) = decline/ decrease/ deterioration/ dip/ drop/ plunge/ free-fall/ slide/ slip/ dive/ reduction/ slump

Reach a low ( Giảm chạm đáy) = Hit a trough = Reach a bottom

Halve ( Giảm ½)

Fluctuate (n: fluctuations): dao động = be erratic/ be fitful/ vary/ rise and fall erraticcally = constant change

Be under fluctuation
Jump up and down

Flat = no change/ constant = Stabilize : ổn định

Level off ( a leveling of at…): chững lại
Reach a plateau : đạt trạng thái ổn định
Remain unchanged = remain stable/ steady
Have a stable trend
Flatten off ( Sau khi tăng lên, thì giữ nguyên)
Flatten out (Sau khi giảm xuống, thì giữ nguyên)
Start off steady (Khởi điểm chạy ngang)


c/ Use adj/adv
Small Change :
Slight : nhẹ
Gradual: dần dần
Slow
Moderate ( vừa phải)
Marginal (ít, nhẹ)
Large Change :
Considerable = Significant = Substantial

Sharp : đột ngột = Dramatic = Sudden

Abrupt (sudden & unexpected)
Marked
Rapid

Steadily
Slightly
Gradually
Slowly
Moderately
Marginally

Considerably
Sharply
Dramatically
Significantly
Substantially
Suddenly
Markedly
Rapidly
Abruptly

d/ Use conjunction (liên từ)

While / Whilst / Whereas/ But / As

So sánh :

1. While and whilst are the same, but whilst is a bit more formal (according to one famous grammar book).
2. Whereas is always used for contrast. While/whilst can be used for contrast, OR to mean "at the same time".
3. As can mean "because" or "exactly at the moment when".

e/ Use linker 

However/ In contrast/ By comparison/ Meanwhile/ On the other hand

f/ Focus on an item in the graph

As regards (sales), they...

With regard to / Regarding / In the case of / As for / Turning to (sales), they...

Where is/are concerned, it/ they...

When it comes to..., it/ they..

g/ Use these words and phrases to describe prediction (Dự đoán)

It is predicted/ forecast(ed)/ estimated/ expected/ projected/ anticipated + that ...

The projection is for... to...

... is/are predicated/ forecast(ed)/ estimated/ expected/ projected/ anticipated + to..

... is/are set to..

h/ Use a sentence

There was a substantial increase in students from 150 to 200 units.
School A has almost/nearly a half/ a quarter of the number of students.
School A has almost/nearly/over/ approximately/ about two times as many students as School B.
There was little change in the number of car sold from … to…

SUMMARY PARAGRAPH
Give the trends
Start with “ Overall,/ In a nutshell,/ All in all,/ Above all,/ In brief/ In short,/ Generally / Generally speaking / On average / It is clear that / It is evident that/ It is obvious that / Concisely( no use “ in conclusion”)
Summarize the noticeable/ highest/ lowest feature